HOW ACNES ARE MADE?

Each of the hair follicles on your body are connected with glands which produce oily substance to lubricate your skin and hair to do that the substance known as sebum need to move out through the opening of the follicle bit sometimes the sebum acts almost like a glue for the dead cell of the skin. Together they form a soft plaque that blocks out the output, but he gland continues to produce sebum and the plaque grows. That can stimulate the local bacteria like staphylococcus to reproduce.  Increasing bacteria leads to response by the immune system. A pimple is a visible evidence of this process- white puss formed from sebum and dead cells and bacteria. The redness is due to the response of the immune system which tries to kill the bacteria and heal the tissue.

HOW TO TREAT FEVER IN ADULTS

1.Take temperature
 -Temperature can be taken orally, rectally or under the armpit.
 -A person is consider feverish if the oral temperature is above 100 F (37,8 C), or rectal temperature is above 100,7 F (38,2). Temperatures measured under the armpit are not considered as accurate and can be as much as 1F lower than an oral measurement
 -A temperature below 100,4 (38 C) is considered a low-grade or mild fever. It means that the body is responding to an infection.
2.Treat fever, if necessary
  No treatment is necessary for a mild fever unless the person is uncomfortable, if the fever is 102◦ or higher.
 -Give an over the counter medicine such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen as directed on the label. Warning: Do NOT give aspirin to anyone under 18 unless directed to do so by a doctor.
 -Bathing or sponging in lukewarm water may bring the temperature down. Do not use cold water or alcohol.
 -Have the person wear light clothing and use a light cover or sheet- overdressing can make body temperature go up. If the person gets chills, use an extra blanket until they go away.
3.Give liquids
 -Have the person drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.
4.Follow up
 -Contact a doctor if the high body temperature lasts for more than three days or gets worse.

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS – THE KISSING DISEASE

The reason for mononucleosis is EBV ( Epstein - Bar Virus ) . It’s easy transmitted between children. The virus, first settles in the upper respiratory system start reproduction. After that affects the  limphe nodes  and at the end passes   in the blood.

The period of incubation (the time from invasion to manifestation) is 30 – 50 days.

At little children mononucleosis is manifested as simple infection of upper respiratory system, with white plaque and swollen lymph nodes. At older children the infection is more difficult. Headache, nausea, high temperature are the main symptoms. Also there is increased spleen and 10-20% have  increased liver.

The therapy includes rest, a lot of fluids, consuming light food.       

DIARRHEA TREATMENT

1.Prevent or treat dehydration

  -Give a  child or adult plenty of clear fluid like water Pedialyte, Ceralyte, or Infalyte (for adults and children) and clear broth. Fruit juices and sports drinks should be watered down to ½ strength

  -Avoid milk, milk based products, alcohol, apple juice and caffeine while  you have diarrhea  and for 3-5 days after you get better. They can make diarrhea worse.

  -Make sure the person drinks more fluids than they are losing through diarrhea. If they are unable to keep up with their losses call a doctor.

 2.Rest 

  -Have the person rest as needed and avoid strenuous exercise. Keep a sick child home from school or day care.

 3.Ease into eating 

  - For infant or child, feed the BRAT diet ( bananas, rice, applesauce and toast ) as soon as they can tolerate it.

  -For an adult, add semisolid and low- fiber foods gradually as diarrhea stops. Avoid spicy, greasy, or fatty foods.

VITILIGO

Vitiligo is autoimmune disease. It’s  characteristics are white stains mostly at the arms, the  face but it can appear all over the body. This is result of the lost of melanin at some parts of the skin. At patients   with vitiligo can be found antibodies which are  attacking  the cells that  are producing melanin. The statistics shows that one from three patients  with vitiligo have genetic predispositions. There isn’t efficient medicament for this disease still.

If the vitiligo is in his easier shape then it’s not treated. The affected parts are sensitive to sun, therefore it’s necessary to be covered. There is phototherapy with UV but frequently  this therapy is not efficient.

TREATING DEHYDRATION IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN OVER 12

1 1. Replace fluids

2. For mild dehydration or while waiting for medical care for an adult with severe 

 dehydration that is not due to heart stroke 

-The person should try to drink 2 quarts of rehydration drinks, water, juice, or sports drinks in 2 to 4 hours

-The person should drink at least 10 glasses of liquid a day to replace lost fluids.

-If the person is elderly, fluid replacement may need to be done slowly. Consult a doctor.

-If the person is vomiting try ice chips, popsicles, and small sips of fluid.

3. When to call a doctor for mid dehydration

- The person’s symptoms get worse or don’t improve within 24 hours

- The person is elderly

- You think a prescription medication such as diuretic caused the dehydration

4. Follow up

- For mid dehydration the person should rest for 24 hours and keep drinking fluids, even if symptoms improve. Fluid replacement may take up to a day a half.

- If dehydration is moderate to severe, fluids may need to be replaced intravenously in the hospital.

CHOKING TREATMENT

If the person is conscious but not able to breathe or talk:

1.Give black blows.

- Give up to 5 blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.

2. If the person is still choking, do thrusts

If the person is not pregnant or obese, do abdominal thrusts:

-Stand behind the person and wrap your arm around the waist

-Place ‘your clenched fist just above the person’s navel. Grab your fist with your other hand.

-Quickly pull inward and upward.

-Continue cycles of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is coughed up or the person start to breath or cough.

-Take the object out of his mouth only if you can see it. Never do a finger sweep unless you can see the object in the person’s mouth.

If the person is obese or pregnant , do high abdominal thrusts:

-Stand behind the person, wrap your arms them, and position your hands at the base of the breast bone.

-Quickly pull inward and upward.

-Repeat until the object is dislodged.

3.Give CPR, if necessary

4.Follow up

When emergency medical personnel arrive, they will take over and may do CPR or take the person to the hospital, if needed.

BLEEDING DURING PREGNANCY

1.      1.    Monitor bleeding
  -    Put a sanitary pad or panty liner to keep track of the amount of bleeding.
  2.    Prevent further bleeding
  -    Don’t insert anything into the vagina. Avois sex, tampons, or douching whilw you’re bleeding
  3.    Get help
  -    Call your health care provider immediately to find out if you should go the hospital or doctor’s office.
  -    Tell the doctor or hospital staff if you have heavy bleeding, abdominal pain, cramping, fever, chills, or contractions, or if you feel lightheaded or faint.
  -    Put any tissue passed from the vagina ito clean container. Give it to your doctor for examination.
  -    A health care provider will examine you for signs of dangerous blood loss and may do tests to confirm health or your pregnancy.

TREATMENT OF BLEEDING CUTS OR WOUNDS

1. Stop bleeding 
- Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until bleeding stops.
- If blood soaks through the material, don’t remove it. Put more cloth or gauze on top of it and continue to apply pressure.
- If the wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb above the heart to help slow bleeding
- Wash your hands again after giving first aid and before cleaning dressing the wound.
- Do not apply  tourniquet unless the bleeding is severe and not stopped with direct pressure.
2. Clean cut or wound 
- Gently clean with soap and warm water. Try to rinse soap out of wound to prevent irritation.
- Don’t use hydrogen peroxide or iodine, which can damage tissue.
3. Protect the wound 
- Apply antibiotic cream to reduce risk of infection and cover with a sterile bandage.
- Change the bandage daily to keep wound clean and dry.
4. When to call a doctor 
- The wound is deep or edges are jagged or gaping open.
- The wound is on the person’s face.
- The wound has dirt or debris that won’t come out.
- The wound shows signs of infection, such as inflammation, tenderness, or thick discharge, or if the person runs a temperature.
- The area around the wound feels numb.
- Red streaks from around the wound.
- The person has a puncture wound or deep cut and hasn’t had a tetanus in the past five years, or  anyone who hasn’t had a tetanus shot in the past 10 years.