ASPERGER’s SYNDROME

This is neuro-developmental  disordes that effects individual’s behavior such as communication  and pattern of social interactions. Formerly this disorder was characterized as distinct autism spectrum disorder. It’s still disc as Asperger’s syndrome is separate clinical entity or high-functioning form of autism.  People with asperger’s syndrome normal to above-average intelligence but typically have difficulties with social interactions and often have pervasive, absorbing interests in special areas.

Dr. Hans Asperger first described this condition. Because the obsessive interests in and knowledge of particular subjects of this patients, he called them little professors. 

Positive characteristics of people with Asperger syndrome are:

 -The ability to work independently

 -The increased  ability to focus on details

 -Intensity and original way of thinking 

To give the diagnosis of asperger’s syndrome is impossible without direct testing and observation. It’s suggested that Thomas Jefferson, Mozart, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein had Asperger’s syndrome.

Symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome are:

 -Lack of interest in socializing/making friends

 -Avoiding eye contact 

 -Lack  of use of gestures

 -Lack of changing facial expression

 -Failure to respect interpersonal boundaries

 -Unusually sensitive to noises, touch, odors, tastes.

 -Repetitive motor patterns such as hand flapping or arm waving

The children with this syndrome have normal language development in contrast to other autistic conditions. However there is alteration in language skills such:

 -Changes in voice and speaking

 -They have difficulties with understanding the subtle use of language, such as irony or sarcasm.

 -Disorganized or not relevant to the discussion speech.

In some cases there is psychiatric and behavior disorders  like:

 -Anxiety disorder

 -Depression  or other mood disorders.

There should be multidisciplinary approach in treating this patients. Medical therapy is not effective but in some cases selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications are used for relief of anxiety or depression. There are a lot of behavioral and educational interventions that can be useful. The type of intervention depends of individual’s age and needs.

MENOPAUSE

Menopause is a natural part of aging in women that is characterized with cessation of the menstrual cycle. It occurs at an average age of 51. The official definition for menopause is absence of menstrual periods for 12 months caused by cessation of the function of the ovaries. The process of menopause does not occur overnight , but it’s gradual process. Menopause symptoms can include hot flashes, vagina bleeding vaginal and urinary changes and mood changes.

The ovary is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus and they have the size and shape of an almond. The function of the varies is producing eggs  and female hormones as estrogen. During the menstrual cycle one egg mature and leave the ovary. The egg travels from the ovary through a fallopian tube to the uterus.

Female hormones are responsible for the female body characteristics such as the breast body hair and body shape. Other functions are regulation of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, protection of the bones. That’s way all of this can be changed during the menopause, because the lack of hormones.

Because the menopause is a normal part of life a therapy for the same is not required. However there is therapy associated with symptoms if they are uncomfortable or  dangerous for the woman. Your doctor can recommend you hormone therapy such as estrogen, progesterone, oral contraceptive pills, vaginal hormone and non hormone treatments. The therapy can also include antidepressant medication.

PSORIASIS

This is inflammatory disease that is genetically programmed. The primarily affected organ is the skin. This disease begins as small scaling papule. Then this papule multiplies and form scaling plaques. These plaques tend to occur in the scalp, elbows and knees.

This plaques can be itchy, and when the scale is peeled away small bleeding points appears. Often psoriasis occurs in areas of trauma. This condition often waxes and wanes spontaneously.

Many patients with psoriasis have abnormal nails, which are yellow and crumbly.

Destructive arthritis is often associated with psoriasis.

There is genetic basis for psoriasis. This hereditary predisposition is necessary before the disease can be triggered by environmental factors. T-cells (white blood cells) mediate the development of the psoriatic plaques.

The environmental factors that are risk factors (can lead to psoriasis) are:

-        -  Alcohol in excess

-         - Streptococcal sore throat

-          -Certain drugs

-          -Trauma to the skin

Because this is mainly skin disease the treatment is topical. Foams,  gels,  creams, shampoos and ointments that are applied directly to the skin. Also the treatment includes topical steroids, tar preparations and calcium modulating drugs.

BREAST APSCESS

This is painful collection of pus in the breast. The collection is formed under the skin and it’s caused by bacterial infection.

Usually the breast abscess is characterized with:

-redness

-warmness

-swelling of the surrounding skin

-fever

Mastitis is often linked to breast abscesses. Mastitis is a condition with brast pain and inflammation, usually at women that are breastfeeding. Mastitis that is left untreated can result in an abscess forming. White blood cells are sent to attack the infection which causs tissue at the site of the infection to die. This creates a small, hollow area that fills with pus (an abscess).

ENDOMETRIAL ABLATION

Endometrial ablation is surgical destruction of the endometrium. Endometrium is the lining tissues of the uterus. The ablation is one type of treatment for abnormal uterine  bleeding. The beeding is usually  due to a benign condition.  If the reason for bleeding is cancer of the uterus , the ablation is not used as a treatment, because the cancer cells may have grown into the deeper tissues of the uterus not just endometrium. Endometrial ablation is only performed on a non pregnant woman who does not plan to become pregnant in future and when medical and hormonal therapies  can not control the bleeding.

Before the ablation there must b performed endometrial biopsy to exclude the persistence of cancer. Also the must be done imaging studies to exclude the persistence of uterine polyps or benign tumors, that can be simply removed without the need for ablation of the entire endometrium. Intrauterine contraceptive devices must be removed and the possibility of pregnancy must be excluded.

There are different procedures that are used for destroying the lining tissue of the uterus (endometrium), such as: laser beam, electricity, freezing, heating or microwave energy.

PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia is inflammation in your lungs caused by an infection. When you have pneumonia your airways and lungs have infection caused by germs such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi. Your airways catch most germs in the mucus, that lie in your trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.  Hair like cilia lying in the tubes constantly push the mucus and germs out of your airways. Sometimes germs can pass although mucus and cilia and enter in your alveoli. Normally cells of the immune system attack this germs, which keep them from making you sick. However is your immune system is weaken  pneumonia causing germs can overwhelm your immune system  and begin to multiply. The inflammation causes your alveoli to fill with fluid which makes obstacle for the oxygen that can not rich to your capillaries

If you have lobar pneumonia that means that one lobe(piece) of your lungs is affected. If bronchopneumonia is your diagnosis then many areas of both lungs are affected.

Pneumonia can cause the following symptoms :

-difficult y breathing

-chest pain

-coughing

-fever and chills

-confusion

-headache

-muscle pain

-fatigue.

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

This is infection caused by the bacteria Gardenrella. Bacterial vaginosis is not sexually transmitted infection. But promiscuity, vaginal douches, intrauterine contraception device and long use of antibiotics are consider as risk factors.

This condition is usually asymtomatic but the most common is gray vaginal discharge with fishy odor. At some women there is also vaginal itching and burning.

Bacterial vaginosis can be dangerous during pregnancy and can increase the risk for contracting sexually-trasmitted infections

It is recommended no treatment in normal cases, but pregnant women should take antibiotics as metronidazole and clindamycin.